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Science remains an eminently social institution, though the interactions between science & society are often poorly understood. This article addresses the context of recent efforts to identify environmental contributions to cancer. The authors first examine cancer incidence & discuss how incidence patterns may be related to air pollution & occupational & general toxic chemical & xenestrogen exposures. They then discuss the social context in which cancer research & treatment occurs, including the dominating role of the biomedical model & socioeconomic factors, including regulatory strategies that address single chemicals, corporate conflicts of interest, & the manipulation of public opinion. Last, they consider the broad context out of which cancer arises & discuss the merits of applying the precautionary principle to sustainable social policies. Progress in reducing cancer may be fruitfully made by returning our attention to broad-scale factors such as those affecting the quality of air, water, workplace, household environments, & the global climate. 92 References. [Copyright 2002 Sage Publications, Inc.]